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[Neurology] Signs of Eyes

單側瞳孔放大是第三對神經出現問題。
瞳孔反應較慢(強直)tonic pupil:不同種類可以用不同的藥來分類。

horner’s syndrome:
症狀:眼皮下垂Ptosis,縮瞳(miosis),無汗(anhidrosis)(臉頸軀幹處),眼球內陷(enophthalmos)
成因:交感神經的受損,包括的範圍很長,從腦幹、脊髓頸段、C8到T1的前角、交感神經鏈、內頸動脈。
最易好發處在腦幹和C8/T1的前枝等處

Argyll Robertson pupil:
症狀:不規則、縮小的瞳孔,微弱或消失的光反應,完整的近距離反應(雖然照光不會縮瞳,但是注意力放置眼前的物體時能會縮瞳),虹彩萎縮(顏色變淡),以上症狀通常都是兩側都有。
成因:梅毒感染(過去這麼認為)。以及任何的中腦損傷,包括腫瘤,血管,發炎,去髓鞘

Marcus Gunn pupil:
R側是健側,L側為患側,先用光照射右眼其瞳孔縮小,左眼也縮小。光再照射左眼時其瞳孔變大,因為左眼optic n.對光的感覺接收不好,以為光變弱,故瞳孔放大,這種現象稱為marcus gunn pupil。

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