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巴比妥（Barbital）類，濃度效力呈線性苯二氮平類(Benzodiazepines)類，濃度效力成非線性有cellingBarbiturates類取代基的不同主要包括pentobarbital、secobarbital和phenobarbital。(要背!!)較新型的藥Zolpidem安眠Zaleplon安眠\夢遊
triazolam和clorazepate是兩種吸收比較快desmethyldiazepam (nordiazepam)是一種代謝中間產物，是在胃裡酸水解成desmethyldiazepam的形式. (重要)Oxazepam, lorazepam, temazepam是三種屬於吸收比較慢全部都可以通過血腦屏障.
Barbiturates類的藥物大部分是在肝臟中代謝,只有Phenobarbital有部份可以以原型的形式代謝出去.帶有thio-group(SH-)的藥物(易被肝代謝),像是Thiobarbiturates,代謝會比較快,都是屬於短效的藥物,常用在麻醉輔助用藥上(誘導麻醉藥物).
GABAA屬於ligand-gated-ion channel；GABAB屬於G protein coupled receptorBenzodiazepines(BDZ)和Barbiturates等所有鎮靜安眠藥主要的受體是 GABAA receptor(重要)
Flumazenil則是GABAA receptor的拮抗劑(antagonist)，結合到受體上阻斷BDZ的作用，卻不會對Barbiturate、Alcohol、Meprobamate的效果有影響。所以常用來急救吃安眠藥自殺的人(安眠藥含有BDZ)，或是麻醉的催醒劑。(重要必考藥物)
Alprazolam可治療重度憂鬱症。重要！
問：小明今年22歲，平時沒有酗酒習慣，今飲用500毫升酒精濃度15%葡萄酒，請問小明需要多久才能將酒精完全代謝。(酒精代謝量平均為每小時7-10g)。答：500×0.15÷0.8(酒精密度要記得喔！)÷8(成人平均代謝量)=11.7小時。


酒精的代謝路徑有二：(教官說一定要背，考試必考！) 1.大部分利用酒精去氫酶（Alcohol dehydrogenase，ADH）氧化酒精成乙醛。 2.長期酗酒時活化MEOS，亦氧化酒精成乙醛，彌補ADH的不足。

抗癲癇的藥物一定要記住以下四項：Phenytoin、BDZ(可做鎮靜安眠藥)、Valproic acid(具脂肪酸結構的藥物)以及Tiagabine(GABA類藥物)。這四種藥物的蛋白結合率頗高！Sodium Valproate因為具有脂肪酸結構(本身為短鏈脂肪酸)，和血漿蛋白結合的比率會和血漿中游離脂肪酸的濃度有關(因free form有效，故血中游離脂肪酸愈高愈有效)。(M105)Phenobarbital和 Carbamazepine會提升肝臟微小體酵素活性，若合併其他藥物使用時會使得其他藥物的代謝變快，所以其他藥物的劑量要提高。(背!!)
Benzodiazepines以”-pam”結尾，例外只有ChlordiazepoxideTriazolobenzodiazepines以”-lam”結尾:triazolam和alprazola

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